Specialists believe that taking vitamin E during pregnancy is the cause of a baby’s heart problems.

They surveyed 276 women whose children had problems with heart at birth, and 324 women whose children were born perfectly healthy.

It was found that women whose children were born with heart defects, consumed a large dose of vitamin E during pregnancy, than others. The study showed that children of women who, during the first two months of pregnancy took more than 14.9 mg of vitamin E per day, were born with congenital heart defects 9 times more often.

Recall that the recommended dose of vitamin E for an adult woman is considered to be 20 mg per day.

For the first time a woman-mother’s rights were enshrined in Convention on Protection of Maternity June 4, 1952 at the General Conference of International Labor Organization in Geneva. According to article 3 of the Convention, the minimum period of maternity leave was not less than 12 weeks, ie 6 weeks before birth and 6 after. This is an international standard that defines the minimum time for vacation. But, on the basis of the same article, “the period of compulsory maternity leave is established by legislation of each country”. In addition, it is the law of each country that determines the size of child allowances.

Maternity leave. Motherhood business

Length of maternity leave depends on culture of the country. Namely – religion, traditions, social policy and changing demographics of jobs. For example, in Scandinavian countries, the result of social policies aimed at increasing birth rate, was a 96-week (in Sweden) paid maternity leave.

“Length of maternity leave depends on socio-economic conditions in the country. Sweden is one of the few countries with a government budget surplus, allowing the Swedes paying the highest taxes in the EU – 50,5% of GDP. The money goes to social needs, including children’s benefit “.

In Norway, parents have a choice – 44 weeks of maternity leave, during which they are paid an allowance of 100% of salary, or 54 weeks with payment of 80% salary.

Japanese women can go to a paid maternity leave for a year. To support families with children, many companies provide their female employees with additional benefits. For example, “Fuji Xerox”, in addition to a legitimate child care year, pays also another six months of maternity leave to young mothers.

In Iceland, according to statistics, there is the highest fertility in Europe. You bet! At the birth of a child a family receives 25 thousand euros, plus 36 weeks of paid maternity leave (80% of salary).

Brazilian mothers also may be called lucky. They are given 24 weeks to care for a child with pay.

Maternity leave. The right to be a mom

We must consider not only financial opportunities of states, but also race, especially genetics and habitat. Legal factor is closely linked with these indicators. On the basis of geneticists and biologists findings, lawyers determine a reasonable time for both parties – employers and employees.

Maternity leave. There is no limit to perfection

One hundred years ago France was the first country in Europe that faced the problem of population reduction. Since then, almost every government enacted laws that improve conditions for birth of children and guarantee mothers preservation of jobs at the time of care for a newborn. Now France has something to be proud of.

Sociologists have called French women “European champions” by number of children: every woman has on average 2 children. This is despite the fact that in France 87% of women of working age are employed. There is no question of choice between children and career. Maternity leave is 16 weeks with pay. After 16 weeks a mother has the right to go to work or take a maternity leave for three years, but without pay. However, she will receive a monthly child allowance of 390 euros for 3 years. It is expected that shortly after the birth of third child they will pay 1000 euros a month during a year. There are additional benefits: benefits for leave to prepare a child for school. Kindergartens for children older than 3 years are working for free. French women have an opportunity to choose whether to work all day or just a few hours. It is not surprising that France has become an international benchmark in the fight against zero-fertility.

Each country has its own legal system developed in different ways. Some organizations can afford senbding a staff member to maternity leave for a long time and then pay for her further training. Durability of maternity leave and benefits are set by law. While, for example, in the United States there is no paid maternity leave. Employers find it unprofitable to let employees go. And often while hiring women they ask: when are you going to give birth?

In Taiwan, a woman can go to a paid maternity leave only for 8 weeks. So many women go to the hospital straight from work.

An American mother can only rely on medical insurance, which guarantees her 6-8 weeks of compensation for a “short-term loss of efficiency.” The further fate of a woman is completely dependent on her employer, the company’s traditions and relationships in it. Even the receipt of unpaid annual leave in America is rare. So much for emancipation!

Mothers in Germany are a little more lucky than American. A pregnant woman is forbidden to work during 6 weeks before birth and 8 after, while all this time she gets a full salary. Child allowances differ on the level of the land. For example, in Bavaria and Saxony allowance is unchanged for three years, in remaining lands it is reduced by the 3rd year of leave.

Maternity leave. Born by revolution

Duration of maternity leave is affected by overall political literacy of population. We are talking not only of those who make the law, but also about those who make their claims in respect of the law.

For example, in Israel, MPs from the filing of women’s public organizations have increased paid maternity leave from 14 to 16 weeks. The law was adopted unanimously, despite objections of Ministry of Finance. And if a woman gives birth to twins, leave is extended by 17 weeks!

Maternity leave. Father’s work

The struggle for equal rights for women and men in the EU countries will provide fathers with an opportunity to go on maternity leave possibly within a year. After giving birth, women often have to put an end to their career. And today, many business women are much more successful their their male counterparts. Maternity leave for fathers is a good chance for climbers.

In a Japanese city of Ota newly made fathers are sent to maternity leave compulsively! A Japanese man is taking care of a child during 40 days, while receiving 100 per cent salary. Moreover, after returning to work an employee must write a report about how he cared about his child and how he feels in the father’s role. Thus, city authorities are struggling with low birth rates – just 1.29 children per couple.

A father from Norway was the first to receive a parental leave. Norwegian law gives men the right to take a 6-week maternity leave. In addition, parents may choose to distribute maternity leave among themselves. This feature gives equal rights to both parents in terms of their own careers. Israel recently passed a law allowing fathers to go on maternity leave for 16 weeks, as well as women.

For healthy life human psychology is important thing.Speacially child psychology is very important in order to be happy when you become adult.Because all problems start in childhood.So child psychology is one  very important things for healthy life.

For women beauty tips are very important thing in order to be happy and peaceful.Because every woman wants to become beautiful.If she doesn’t become beautiful then she always thinks about that.

In  our site you can find everything about these topics. our mission is to provide the best service for you.

www.healthlifepsychology.com child psychology, healthy life, beauty tips

Before people used to search in big books for healthy life for hours . But in this time now to find informations about human health and human beauty with one click at your fingertips.

Our purpose be aware of healthy lifestyle tips and beauty tips and to give you the best service about that.

On our site you can find everything about women’s health, men’s health, women’s beauty tips and fitness.

www.healthylifeandbeauty.com healthy life, beauty tips, healthy life tips

There are number of reasons for this:

• Children are still developing antibodies so they are more susceptible to some illnesses, particularly colds and flu.
• They also tend to be more contagious for longer (i.e. they may unwittingly be passing on germs for longer than adults would before symptoms become apparent) and so those close to them have an increased chance of catching their germs.
• Finally, children tend to have no fear of personal boundaries and can be very ‘hands on’ when they play enabling airborne particles and germs on sticky fingers to be easily passed on.

As such, it is important to teach children about hygiene and how they can minimise their risk of catching (and passing on) germs at school, at home and in other communal places.

How germs spread

Germs tend to spread in two ways – by touch transference and through the air.

While gastric germs are usually spread by touching something that has been frequently touched by infected people (such as door handles, hand rails, desks and chairs), flu germs are literally sprayed into the air when someone coughs or sneezes. They can be projected up to a metre away and then live on a hard surface, such as a desk or table, for up to 24 hours, and a soft surface for approximately 20 minutes. Similarly if someone coughs or sneezes into their hand those droplets and the virus within them are easily transferred to surfaces subsequently touched by that person.

If you think of the close proximity of a classroom, it is inevitable that children will be exposed to germs and viruses.

Top germ busting tips

To help prevent the spread of germs, children should be encouraged to:

• Wash their hands properly – after using the bathroom, before meals and particularly when they are coughing and sneezing regularly. Antibacterial handwash and soaps such as those made by Dettol can offer added protection. Children should be encouraged to adopt a thorough hand washing technique.
• Cover their mouth when they cough or sneeze. Ideally this should be with a tissue that covers their nose and mouth and is then thrown away
  • Always have a good supply of clean tissues to hand so they never run out and so that they can use a fresh tissue each time they need one
  • Flush tissues away or put them in the bin immediately and then wash hands thoroughly afterwards

Does everyone go through this?

YES! Next time you’re pacing the bedroom at 3am trying to soothe your crying baby, in might help (just a little bit!) to remember that you’re not alone. The average newborn wakes up five times a night, so at that very moment thousands of other parents are doing exactly the same thing! Don’t despair, after the first few weeks things will almost definitely get easier. Your baby will go for longer stretches without needing to be fed and her unpredictable sleeping and waking habits will begin to even out.

8 weeks and beyond:

• From around eight weeks your baby’s biological clock starts to develop and she may naturally start to stay awake for longer periods during the day (and hopefully less at night!).
• From 3 months, because her tummy can hold more food, she’ll start to sleep for longer stretches. Some babies manage up to six hours a night and some may even start to sleep through – if you’re lucky!
• From 6 months experts say your baby shouldn’t need feeding during the night and should be able to sleep for up to eleven hours.

Why do they need sleep?

Babies don’t just need sleep to rest, it’s also crucial for their physical and mental development as well as their wellbeing. While your baby is snoozing her brain is organizing everything she’s learned and making new connections at an amazing rate. Her growth hormones are also coming into action building muscle and body tissue and her body is busily creating white blood cells which her immune system needs to fight off any infections she is exposed to. So all in all she can’t do without her sleep any more than you can!

Its natural to want to do everything you can to keep your baby safe and you instinctively want to check on her every other minute when she’s sleeping. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), also known as cot death, isn’t an illness as such but a term used to describe the unexpected and unexplained death of a health baby. No-one knows what causes it and it’s a worry for all parents. The number of babies that die as a result of cot death has fallen by 75% since 1991, with around 300 a year in the UK in 2007.

Cot deaths usually occur when the baby is asleep in a cot but it can occur in other periods of sleep, such as in a pram. It is uncommon in babies less than a month old but rises to a peak during the second month of life. The risk of cot death then reduces as your baby gets older. Nearly 90% of all cot deaths occur before 6 months and very few occur after a year.

There are a number of key steps you can take to protect your baby:

1. Always put your baby to sleep on her back
2. Never share a bed with your baby if you or your partner have been smoking, drinking, taking drugs or medication which make you drowsy or if you’re feeling very tired.
3. The safest place for your baby to sleep until she’s six months is in her own cot or Moses basket in the same room as you.
4. Always put your baby to sleep with her feet at the foot of the bed or basket so she can’t slide or wriggle down under the covers.
5. Don’t let her get too hot. Buy a room thermometer and check it every night. Ideal temperature is 18°C (64°F).
6. Don’t put the cot next to a radiator, heater or fire, or in direct sunlight as this may make baby too hot.
7. make sure your baby’s cot mattress is clean and firm. There should be no gaps between the mattress and the end of the cot.
8. Buy a new mattress for each new baby you have.
9. Don’t use duvets, quilts and pillows until your baby is over a year old. Instead use one or two thin blankets tucked in securely no higher than her chest.
10. If you use a baby sleeping bag make sure it’s designed for regular use and has no hood. It must be the right size so your baby won’t slide into the bag. To prevent her getting too hot choose a tog rating to suit the temperature of your baby’s nursery – 0.5 is suitable for summer and 2.5 ideal for the standard nursery temperature of 18°C.
11. Don’t smoke during pregnancy and don’t let anyone smoke near your baby.
12. Never sleep with your baby on a sofa.
13. Never use electric blankets or hot water bottles.
14. Never leave soft toys in the cot or Moses basket with her.

To find out more about helping your baby to sleep safely, contact the Foundation for Sudden Infant Deaths (FSID) at sids.org.uk.

Whether your baby won’t go to sleep on her own or wakes three times a night – if sleep time has become stress time in your house you need to introduce a sleep plan.

Tough Love

Babies thrive on routine and 80% of baby’s sleep problems are caused by your baby being unable to fall asleep, or go back to sleep, on her own. She doesn’t know how to fall asleep on her own so you need to teach her to settle herself. It’s important to get her out of the habit of falling asleep at the breast or bottle – if she associates sleep with milk she’ll also need it to get back to sleep if she wakes in the night. And if you rock or cuddle her to sleep she’ll wake and find you gone and that’s when she’ll cry. We don’t deny that introducing a sleep plan will be hard work, but we do promise it will be worth it in the end. Make sure you’re committed – the first few days will be stressful as you’ll have to leave your baby to cry. Remember – you’re not a bad mum! You’re teaching your baby an essential skill. You might feel terrible leaving her to cry but you’re doing the right thing. Make sure you have lots of support – don’t start a sleep plan the week your partner is away!

The Right Routine

Don’t try to start too early. You can start introducing a bedtime routine from six weeks old, but up until about three months your baby’s tummy is too small to allow her to hold enough milk to keep her going all night so don’t ignore her is she cries. Before you start, decide on a suitable time for her to go to bed; you don’t want her to get over tired. Watch out for tell tale signs such as rubbing her eyes, yawning or getting irritable. Work out a simple routine that’s easy to stick to, even if you’re not at home. We’ve come up with an example routine – and you can adapt it to work for you and your baby.

• Start with a bedtime bath, then dry her and give her a massage or some nappy-free kick-about time.
• Put on a clean nappy and her pajamas or sleep suit.
• Give her some milk
• Clean her teeth, then read a story together in her bedroom with the lights down low
• Put her in her cot while she’s still awake
• Give her a kiss goodnight, switch the light off and leave her to sleep

Be realistic, and if you don’t feel like either of you are quite ready yet, don’t beat yourself up. It’s ok to leave it a few weeks then try again.

………………………..

Dream a Little Dream…

No-one can be certain whether babies dream or not, but it’s very likely. Experts believe that dreaming helps ensure the brain works smoothly and processes the day’s information. It also exercises the pathways between brain cells. Just like you, your baby goes through two sleep stages. Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) also known as dream sleep, is when your tot wriggles, twitches and even smiles and is when she’ll be more easily disturbed. She’ll spend half her time in REM sleep compared to adults who only spend a third or less. Quiet, or dreamless sleep, is very deep – she’ll be much harder to rouse and her breathing will be deep and regular. This is the most important sleep, when her body rests and stores up energy. She’ll also be doing most of her growing during this time.
…………………………

Day Dreamers & Naptime Niggles!

Just when you thought you had the sleepless nights sussed, then comes the daytime nap struggle to complicate matters. Get naptime savvy with these top tips:

Naptime may seem less important than sleeping through the night – especially at 3am – but actually a daytime doze is just as essential. Missing out on daytime sleep can make your baby overtired and grumpy, and can affect how well she feeds. Naptime’s essential for your sanity too; when else are you going to get time to grab a cuppa and half an hour with your feet up. Follow our step-by-step guide to get naptime down to a fine art.

1. Eagle Eyed Mummy
   Watch your baby for signs of sleepiness and put her down for her nap before she becomes over tired. Pay close attention to her body language and look for yawning, becoming fractious and crying, and the classic rubbing of the eyes. Unlike grown ups, babies actually get more wired when they’re tired, so if she’s thrashing around and grizzling she doesn’t want to play, it’s bedtime please!
2. Avoid Being Tied to the House
   Allow your baby to be flexible about where she sleeps; it’s not the end of the world if she takes her nap in her car seat, pram or even in a sling. These naps can be just as valuable as naps taken in her cot or Moses basket. And if she is in her cot or Moses basket, don’t tiptoe around her or darken the room as she’ll get so used to the quiet that she’ll wake up the second the neighbour’s dog barks or your friend pops round for a coffee.
3. But I’m Still Awake Mum!
   The best thing you can do as a mum is encourage your baby to self-settle. This means putting her down to sleep while she’s still awake and not rocking her or cuddling her to sleep. You don’t have to leave her alone to cry, its fine to stay close and reassure her. Just make sure when she goes off to sleep she’s not in your arms: that way, when she wakes up alone in her cot, she won’t panic.
4. In it for the long haul
   It’s usual for young babies to nap for short periods but when she reaches three months old she should be able to settle for at least 45 minutes. The key to lengthy naps is that she self-settles, so that if she stirs she’ll know how to settle herself again. If she does wake up soon after going down, try settling her again using the process you followed in step three.